Free Essays on Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Reasons for Europe’s First Coming to Africa: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade From the early 1400’s Portugal and other European countries were looking for a way to go around paying high Muslim prices for goods from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean. Prince Henry the Navigator designed a plan to go around Africa, instead of through it, to get directly to the market. By the end of the 15th century Portugal had made it around the southern tip of the continent, up the East African coast and on to India, but not within any African contact. As they sailed down Africa, hugged her coast, the Portuguese baptized certain areas, forcing Africans to recognize their authority. Although European influence remained along much of the East African coast they could not gain political control, which still belonged to the Arabs and Africans. This contact with Africa led to the Atlantic Ocean Slave Trade. Portugal did not set out to start the Trans-Atlantic slave trade but with the discovery of the New World and evolution of the plantation system there was a need for labor. The Portuguese had already started sugar plantations on offshore islands where they used African labor and took them back to England so, even before the settlement of the Americas, Europe witnessed the development of black slavery. The Europeans, who always traveled without their wives, married African women and had children. This gave birth to the class of Mulattoes who were apart of two cultures, African and European. They used their knowledge of African language and culture to help their European fathers in capturing and enslaving other Africans. As the demand increased settlers and mulattoes of the offshore islands supplied many slaves by launching raids on the mainland. Unfortunately, the kidnapping could not fill the increasing demand for slaves in the Americas. Also, the Portuguese wanted to continue trade with the Africans, which cou... Free Essays on Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Free Essays on Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Reasons for Europe’s First Coming to Africa: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade From the early 1400’s Portugal and other European countries were looking for a way to go around paying high Muslim prices for goods from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean. Prince Henry the Navigator designed a plan to go around Africa, instead of through it, to get directly to the market. By the end of the 15th century Portugal had made it around the southern tip of the continent, up the East African coast and on to India, but not within any African contact. As they sailed down Africa, hugged her coast, the Portuguese baptized certain areas, forcing Africans to recognize their authority. Although European influence remained along much of the East African coast they could not gain political control, which still belonged to the Arabs and Africans. This contact with Africa led to the Atlantic Ocean Slave Trade. Portugal did not set out to start the Trans-Atlantic slave trade but with the discovery of the New World and evolution of the plantation system there was a need for labor. The Portuguese had already started sugar plantations on offshore islands where they used African labor and took them back to England so, even before the settlement of the Americas, Europe witnessed the development of black slavery. The Europeans, who always traveled without their wives, married African women and had children. This gave birth to the class of Mulattoes who were apart of two cultures, African and European. They used their knowledge of African language and culture to help their European fathers in capturing and enslaving other Africans. As the demand increased settlers and mulattoes of the offshore islands supplied many slaves by launching raids on the mainland. Unfortunately, the kidnapping could not fill the increasing demand for slaves in the Americas. Also, the Portuguese wanted to continue trade with the Africans, which cou...

Montana-class Battleships - US Navy - World War II

Montana-class Battleships - US Navy - World War II Montana-class(BB-67 to BB-71) - Specifications Displacement: 66,040 tons Length: 920 ft., 6 in. Beam:  121 ft. Draft:  36 ft., 1 in. Propulsion:  8 Ãâ€" Babcock Wilcox 2-drum express type boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines,   4 Ãâ€" 43,000  hp Turbo-electric transmission  turning 4 propellers Speed:  28 knots Armament (Planned) 12 Ãâ€" 16-inch (406  mm)/50 cal Mark 7 guns (4  Ãƒâ€" 3)20 Ãâ€" 5-inch (127  mm)/54 cal Mark 16 guns10–40 Ãâ€" Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns56 Ãâ€" Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft cannons Montana-class(BB-67 to BB-71) - Background: Recognizing the role that a naval arms race had played in the run up to World War I, leaders from several key nations gathered in November 1921 to discuss preventing a recurrence in the postwar years.   These conversations produced the Washington Naval Treaty in February 1922 which placed limits on both ship tonnage and the overall size of the signatories fleets.   As a result of this and subsequent agreements, the US Navy halted battleship construction for over a decade after the completion of the Colorado-class USS West Virginia (BB-48) in December 1923.   In the mid-1930s, with the treaty system unraveling, work began on the design of the new North Carolina-class.   With global tensions rising, Representative Carl Vinson,  Chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee, pushed forward the Naval Act of 1938 which mandated a 20% increase in the US Navys strength.    Dubbed the Second Vinson Act, the bill allowed for the construction of four South Dakota-class battleships (South Dakota, Indiana, Massachusetts, and Alabama) as well as the first two ships of the Iowa-class (Iowa and New Jersey).   In 1940, with World War II underway in Europe, four additional battleships numbered BB-63 to BB-66 were authorized.   The second pair, BB-65 and BB-66 were initially slated to be the first ships of the new Montana-class.   This new design represented the US Navys response to Japans Yamato-class of super battleships which commenced construction in 1937.   With the passage of the Two-Ocean Navy Act in July 1940, a total of five Montana-class ships were authorized along with an additional two Iowas.   As a result, hull numbers BB-65 and BB-66 were assigned to the Iowa-class ships USS Illinois and USS Kentucky while the Montanas were renumbered BB-67 to BB-71.          Montana-class (BB-67 to BB-71) - Design: Concerned about rumors that the Yamato-class would mount 18 guns, work on the Montana-class design commenced in 1938 with specifications for a battleship of 45,000 tons.   Following early assessments by the Battleship Design Advisory Board, naval architects initially increased the new class displacement to 56,000 tons.   Additionally, the board requested that the new design be 25% stronger offensively and defensively than any existing battleship in the fleet and that it was permissible to exceed the beam restrictions imposed by the Panama Canal to obtain the desired results.   To obtain the additional firepower, designers armed the Montana-class with twelve 16 guns mounted in four three-gun turrets.   This was to be supplemented by a secondary battery of twenty 5/54 cal. guns placed in ten twin turrets.   Designed specifically for the new battleships, this type of 5 gun was intended to replace the existing 5/38 cal. weapons then in use. For protection, the Montana-class possessed a side belt of 16.1 while the armor on the barbettes was 21.3.   The employment of enhanced armor meant that the Montanas would be the only American battleships capable of being protected against the heaviest shells used by its own guns.   In this case, that was the super-heavy 2,700  lb. APC (armor piercing capped) shells fired by the 16/50 cal. Mark 7 gun.   The increase in armament and armor came at a price as naval architects were required to reduce the class top speed from 33 to 28 knots to accommodate the extra weight.   This meant that the Montana-class would not be able to serve as escorts for the fast Essex-class aircraft carriers or sail in concert with the three preceding classes of American battleships.    Montana-class (BB-67 to BB-71) - Fate: The Montana-class design continued to undergo refinements through 1941 and was finally approved in April 1942 with goal of having the ships operational in the third quarter of 1945.   Despite this, construction was delayed as the shipyards capable of building the vessels were engaged in constructing Iowa- and Essex-class ships.   After the Battle of the Coral Sea the following month, the first battle fought solely by aircraft carriers, the building of the Montana-class was indefinitely suspended as it became increasing clear that battleships would be of secondary importance in the Pacific.   In the wake of the decisive Battle of Midway, the entire Montana-class was cancelled in July 1942.   As a result, the Iowa-class battleships were the last battleships to be built by the United States. Montana-class (BB-67 to BB-71) - Intended Ships Yards: USS Montana (BB-67) - Philadelphia Naval ShipyardUSS Ohio (BB-68) - Philadelphia Naval ShipyardUSS Maine (BB-69) - New York Naval ShipyardUSS New Hampshire (BB-70) - New York Naval ShipyardUSS Louisiana (BB-71) - Norfolk Naval Shipyard The cancellation of USS Montana (BB-67) represented the second time a battleship named for the 41st state had been eliminated.   The first was a South Dakota-class (1920) battleship that was dropped due to the Washington Naval Treaty.   As a result, Montana became the only state (of the 48 then in the Union) never to have had a battleship named in its honor. Selected Sources: Military Factory: Montana-class BattleshipsGlobal Security: Montana-class Battleships

Business financial system analyst Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business financial system analyst - Essay Example The aim of this essay is to outline the business model that the business analyst develops in an effort to determine the projects potential success or failure or whether the risk free rate should be used as the alternative of the financial model. The investment sector chosen is the financial sector. Choice of Investment Financial sector can be defined as the stock category that contains the firms whose main job is the provision of services relating to finance to the commercial, as well as the retail customers. The sector comprises of entities ranging from banks, insurance companies, and investment funds to the real estate. As a business analyst, the choice to invest the 100 million United States dollars in the real estate and the investment funds was inevitable (Kolb, 2010). When making an investment choice, a number of items are considered to ensure that the investment will be profitable. The investor has to analyze the extent of risk that he or she can handle. For instance in choosi ng to buy bonds or shares, the risk is high since the funds are not insured. The investor has to choose the best investment mix or portfolio. Considering an investment mix is beneficial especially when the investor is protecting or guarding against unanticipated losses. The assets allocation should be carried out in a way that the risk is spread and high to ensure higher returns. The investor has to consider diversifying the investments to ensure that the risk of losses is not extreme. For instance, it is advised that the investor should not make hug investments in one sector of the economy. Otherwise should the sector fail, all his or her investment s would be submerged. With this knowledge, the investor decided to make the following decision. Money's 60 % was invested in the building of a prominent rental building in the outskirts of Chicago while the remaining 40 million dollars were invested in purchases of bonds of the Microsoft and the Unilever companies (Lockie, 2013). Having chosen the investment portfolio, it is significant to note that financial stability is therefore, crucial when it comes to sustaining economic growth. Economic growth in this case refers to the growth of the investment. In an effort to detect the vulnerability that exists in the financial system, macroprudential analysis model is recommended to be the best in analyzing the situation of a financial system. The analysis involves the identification of the financial soundness indicators and some of the methods that are used in their analysis (Robert, 2006). Macroprudential Analysis This is defined as the analysis of the economy that seeks to evaluate and examine the soundness of the financial system while taking into consideration the vulnerability and of a given financial system. The analysis involves the use of quantitative information mostly involving FSIs. The use of other indicators of the economy that give a broader picture in matters of financial and the economy is also recommen ded. Using this model I shall establish and investigate the linkages that exist between the real economic sector and the financial system (Mesonnier, 2012). The model will also assist in the scenario analysis and also in the testing of the stresses that may occur in this business investment field. Through the model, I will be able to note the system's sensitivity to the various economic shocks together with the resilience to the shocks. In a broader perspective, macroprudential

Dixie Industries Womens Group Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dixie Industries Womens Group - Case Study Example Dixie Industries, Inc has recently faced accusations from an ad hoc committee of female employees â€Å"of a continuing pervasive bias in promotions in favor of men†. The spokes person for this woman’s group Mrs. Linda S. Feldman, has written to the President of Dixie Industries to explain to him their concerns of their future promotional opportunities within Dixie Industries due to the company’s promotional practices. She has demanded a response from the President and the Executive Committee. The main problems faced by Dixie Industries and in need of addressing immediately, in this situation are; job action, the group could instigate a slow down, walk out or some other job action which will affect negatively the company’s ability to respond to customer orders and remain competitive; unionization; productivity, any job action would slow down productivity of the company which has already been below industry standards for the past year; publicity, exposure of these allegations would hurt the image of the company within the local community which would drive the stock prices down.... motivation. This in turn would affect the productivity and turn over of thecompany. The group may also seek community support by publicizing theissue through the media. Alternative 2 Dixie Industries could invite Mrs. Feldman and the women's group to meetwith the President and Executive Committee of the Company. At this meeting the President's views of providing definite equal opportunities for males andfemales given the possession of the necessary qualifications for any givendesignation could be explained and stressed to the group. Having identifiedand specified the groups main concerns, the DI leadership could appoint acommittee to look closely into these concerns together with the procedure andresults of the study done on this subject by the women's group. The DICommittee could conduct their own study and compile results from thatwhich could be compared with the study and results of the women's group.At the end of this process, both the Committee and the group could evaluatethe best possible actions to be taken for the betterment of the Company andthe employees. Recommendation I would definitely recommend the second alternative. By approaching theproblem in this way, Dixie Industries would; Avoid antagonizing the

Ethics in Group Counseling Essay Example for Free

Ethics in Group Counseling Essay Ethics is also termed as philosophy, which is a branch of philosophy that includes the systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of the right and wrong conducts. There are three major field of study within ethics that involves Metha-ethics that concerns with the theoretical meaning that are used to reference of moral propositions and their truth-values that can be determined, the normative ethics that concerns with the practical means of determining a moral course of action. Lastly is the applied ethics that concerns with what an individual is obligated to do in an appropriate situation or at a particular domain. This research paper can explore the various ethical issues that arise during a group session. There are certain ethical conditions that should be upheld in the panel session from the initial stages of the formation of the group to the working phase of the group. The group leader should be able to uphold definitive ethical, moral codes. Thus, the paper can enlighten the various ways that a group leader should act in the midst of a conflict as well as confidentiality within the group. In focusing on the ethical responsibility of members of a group it necessary to concentrate on the following topics that are explained as follows. Ethical Responsibility Ethical responsibility is the duty that follows the moral correct paths. The ethical responsibilities of the group entail that each member has the responsibility to be honest with other group members so that to be able to make decisions in the group sessions. It is necessary that there must be a clear moral standard from the outset. For instance, create and enforce a code of conduct that ensures that group members are treated fairly to avoid the appearance of unethical behaviors. The group leader should be able to ensure that there is transparency when dealing with group members. Also the ethical that you might feel you have, you should consider how the group‘s morality could affect the group productivity. Ethical Communication in  Small Groups Dealing with small groups work we major on focusing on getting the job done while maintain a reasonable relationship among group members. Ethics in a small group involve three levels whereby we have the individual group member, the group, and the group environment. Thus using ethics in a small group, it enhances the moral aspects of the group interaction. The ethical communication enables the human worthiness and the dignity by fostering the truthfulness, fairness, responsibility and enhancing the personal integrity. Thus, ethical communication in small groups is used for caring and accountability for oneself and other group members. Some other principles that are more applicable to small group communication involves: the truthfulness ,accuracy, honesty and provision of the integrity of communication, endorse freedom of expression and diversity of perspective together with the tolerance of dissent to be able to achieve the informed and responsible for making decision making fundament al to a civil society. Unethical communication causes threats to the quality of all communication and the consequently of the well-being of the individuals and the society. In addition, as a manager be able to create a promotion communication climate of caring and mutual understanding that exist with respect and uniqueness needs and characteristics of individuals communicator and be able to accept responsibilities for the short and long-term consequences. Ethics is more easily discussed than putting into real practice as demonstrated by San Jose Mercury stated that the increasing trend in an organization to integrate a code of ethics for daily activities. Ethical communication requires that an effective critical thinking skills, recognizing the importance of the diverse perspectives and respect for the well-being of self and other taking the responsibility for individual and the group actions and reflecting on the choices the group members can make.. Ethics in Group Counseling During the session of group counseling, consist of the psychiatric care that many patients meet more at therapist at a time. Each group has different topics that they wish to tackle for the growth that enhances the distinction of the financial issue that an individual counseling can be able to create.  The financial tights limit the delivery of the community agency for individual counseling. Focusing on the Barlow Research stated that group-counseling sessions are more successful than the individual ones. Thus by evaluating the various facts that the states that group counseling benefit more patients at one time as well as being used more than the individual counseling. Through McCarty studies, they were able to answer questions that were concerning the indicator of the importance of group counseling as compared to individual counseling. They described the positive aspect of the group counseling as well as stipulating the negative side of the group counseling. The positive results of the group counseling involve the developing of the social skills among the group due to a safe environment in which the group members can share their thoughts feelings and ideas. In addition, the aspect that concerns the patients to be able to receive a positive feedback from their own group mate as well as various perspective on a similar issue, the group members can enhance to learn new ways in order to see a particular problem. Considering the negative aspects of the group therapy involves the clients were not speaking during a group therapy session since they are too shy to share their views in the front of other individuals. The other aspect consists of group settings and the benefits that are more important in the individual setting. The other aspect involves the issue of time which is limited and the group and the group sessions do not have flexibility date setting, thus any session that is placed by the counselor should be mandatory and set in the panel settings Characteristics of an Ethical Leader During the group, counseling session there must be proper individuals that are trained and equipped in an efficient manner to lead during the session. The individual that lead the session is considered as a leader who addresses the various issues that arise during the session. Some research that was done by Kalshoven and Hugh wanted to determine the individual characteristics that a leader requires that to lead an effective a counseling session. They stated that the major features of the ethical leader were both agreeable and conscientious. In their study, they proposed that a leader possess the traits whereby the manager requires the features to ethical standards in the counseling session. Another study that was done  by Riggio stated that the two important moral emotions that a leader must possess is the empathy for their clients as well as compassion for the individual wellbeing. Jacobs in his literature book stated strongly that leaders in group counseling must be at a state to have skills in organizing and planning the counseling sessions in order to keep orders and maintain the structure of the group. As a counselor, he/she must be able to answer the challenging question that can arise and ensure a complete knowledge understanding. The counselor should be able to understand the counseling theory to enhance proper training that can assist in the implementation of the ethical foundations. Primary Planning The counselor should be given proper training in advance with the aim of ensuring an effective ways in the counseling session. Thus, the counselor is required to attend a counseling session to have the insight to the future issues and the dilemmas they might face. Thus in the participation of that session it allows them to coin and gain the understanding and the perspective. According to Corey, the study suggested that for a minimum of 10 hours of observation and taking notes of the session. This paramount process enables the counselor to be involved in ethical decision-making and well-organized knowledge. The area of jurisdiction must be satisfactory to the counselor by screening the patients before joining the group, in a move to avoid disruption and hurting the whole group at the end of the process. During the screening session, it entailed answering, unsettled questions at the stipulated time. Further, there must be an alignment with the purpose of the group as well as make the t eam leader who will be able to meet the needs of the client as much as possible. The process of planning entails alignment of the client and counselor so that the customer will be free to the counselor to give out and share the deep and times emotions. Once the process of screening is finished, there is an informed consent section. The client that discusses what issues they will be able to encounter during the counseling sessions. The preliminary role of these step, it enables the disclosure of information to the group members to inform the clients the pros and cons of joining the group. It is also suggested that the informed consent section has potential risks that the members might face while in a group therapy session. It is well explained by the Corey survey, which  states that some clients might experience their privacy, which is a guarantee that the other member will respect their privacy The informed consent is usually presented to customers in a written and oral manner so that the clients can be completely informed of what they will encounter so that to avoid surprises when the sessions begin. In the consent, the clients are required to contain the role expectations of colleagues and the leader, the policies and the procedures that are governing the mandated group, the documentation requirements and the procedures for the consultation between group leader and the group members. Open or Closed Group It is stated that it beneficial to choose the group counseling since it is better to make a decision. There are supportive reasons to those suggestions that cause the more efficient counseling method. At first, the counselor can reach out a larger group of people. Instead of focusing much time on one person, we assist the lives of many other than concentrating on a single individual. Through group counseling, it benefits both the client and the counselor since it creates a great way to build a community and stimulate the counseling session. Secondly, the group counseling is more effective since the counselor can build his/her leadership skills this is created because of the counselors can encounter various problems and through making mistakes, they can become stronger and efficient leaders as the session progresses. The third reason it beneficial for both the counselor and the group since the counselor can be able to raise his revenue through obtaining a group counselling session as compared to one person and the member of the group can save money as well. Also, the cost of individual counseling is expensive as compared to the panel session The last reason to consider the group session is such that it is much effective since the counselor can continually learn experiment and strive to make a difference in the life of a client. Group Processes According to Corey, he stated that in-group counseling the issue of conflict within counseling in a group is common. The topic at times is inevitable within the group when you have personal clashing and perspectives within the group. However, according to Jacobs warned that the issues that are dealing with the denominator, negative member, and the overwhelming chronic talker,  and some issues of asking a member to leave are expected to arise in the counseling setting. Thus, it is important to note that some of the problems do not solely happen in the group setting but may happen as well in the personal counseling setting session. Therefore, the most important issue about conflict is not the conflict itself but how the counselor will be able to deal ethically with the issue when it arises. Thus, a great tool that one should use is to list all the conflict issues that they may arise and then gain the insight as to how to solve the issue ethically. In addition, it is desirable to seek advice from other colleagues about the tactics that may be used in the sessions to resolve the issues. The counselor is supposed to develop either an open or closed session group setting. Whereby in the public group setting session the members of the group are allowed to go and come at their own pleasure. Nevertheless, in the closed group sessions the member is required to be a continuance of the attendance throughout the designated sessions. Close relationship should be built on the counselor as well as a close relationship in-between the other group members as stated by the Forsyth who stated that the aspect of cohesion when conducting the issue of evaluation the leader must activity gain the virtue to keep the group in a cohesiveness mode. The ethical questions that arise from a closed group therapy sessions show the ability for the client to leave at any point. According to Corey, stated that a member should choose to leave the counseling session then that must openly let the group and the counselor must know that they wish to exit and the reason they exiting the group. It can be done in order not to harm the homeostatic environment of the group. Thus when the team member does not do this, it can harm the rest of the group and disrupt the growth process that there is among the group. It leads to a critical ethical topic that must be addressed in the every counseling group that is the issue of com fidelity. As a counselor it safe to uphold the confidentiality of the group members, this can lead to the group members being shy about sharing certain area their lives. There are certain aspects that the counselor can break in the confidential barriers While in the individual counseling, it involves talking personal feeling thoughts and behaviors and the things that are troubling and spend time in talking about the individual relationship with others. Your counselor will work with you to be able to set goals and the things you require to be accomplished  together. The counselor assists you to develop different strategies that can assist you to be able to reach the personal goals. In some cases, it could mean changing the pattern of thinking, learning new skills, changing the behaviors, and shifting the way you feel and express the emotions. References American Psychological Association. Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (Current ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Association for Specialists in Group Work. (2007). Best Practice guidelines 2007 revision. Retrieved from http://asgw.org/pdf/Best_Practices.pdf Baurhan, S., Smith, J., Steen. S.(2008). The preparation of the professional school counselors for group work. The Journal for Specialists in Group work, 33(3), 253-269 DOI 10.1080/01933920802196120 Booker, B., Henfield M., Steen S. (2014).The achieving success everyday group counseling model: implication for professional school counselors. The Journal for Specialists in Group work, 39(1), 29-46. DOI 101080101933922.2013.861886 Brigman, G., Campbell,C.(2005). Closing the Achievement Gap: A structured approach to group counseling, The Journal for Specialists in Group work, 30(1) ,67-82. DOI 10.1080/01933920590908705 Corey, G., Corey, M., Haynes, R. (2014). Groups in action: Evolution and challenges (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. ISBN: 9781285095059 Cornish, M., Post, B., Wade, N. (2014). Religion and spirituality in group counseling: beliefs and preferences of university counseling center clients. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice. 18(1), 55-68 DOI 10.1037/a0034759 Hartman, D., Zimberoff,D.(2012). Ethics in heart-centered therapies. Journal of Heart Centered Therapies, 15(1). Jacobs, E. E., Masson, R. L., Harvill, R. L., Schimmel, C. J. (2012). Group counseling: Strategies and skills (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Petrini, C. (2013). Professional ethics between the individual and society. Physical TherapyReviews, 18(2), 142-143. Stuckton, R. (2010). The art and science of group counseling: The Journal for Specialists in Group work, 35(4), 324-330. DOI 101080101933922.2010.515904

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay -- LTTE women fighters

Charlotte Bronte writes in the famous novel Jane Eyre, â€Å"I am no bird; and no net ensnares me: I am a free human being with an independent will†. As the writer shows the freedom wills is rooted into the woman and they fight for their independence based on their situation. But most of the Asian culture defending the rights and portraying the women into the frames of concerned, beautiful, caring, weak and under estimating them. Women are expected to play a conservative role in the community. Especially they considered as the ‘Honor’ of the family who is responsible for preserving the prestige of the family. While it is true that women are beautiful, care and concern, it does not necessarily compulsion to determine this feature only define the woman. To deteriorate the subordination of women to men, a gang of women stood up against the violence where the whole world was stunned and surprised. It was a Sri Lankan Tamil nation diaspora named Liberation Tigers of Ta mil Eelam (LTTE) with female fighters who wanted to overcome social and cultural norms. They proved the nation as well as the whole world, that they, as women, are no longer inferiors to men. The involvement of LTTE Tamil female fighters in the battle of secession challenged the patriarchal social structure of Sri Lanka. The LTTE women fighters changed the conservative appearance of the Sri Lankan women to reflect the gender equality within the society. Generally a Sri Lankan Tamil woman is expected to be into the house, noiseless, conservative and must admit her whole life to the family. Especially through being conservative means to wear her traditional dress (Saree), having Bindi, a decoration worn by women and jewelries to reflect her cultural identity. In contrast, the L... ...about Iraq war and women. Mostly this source refers the international information not my included topic of essay. I cited this to compare the LTTE women fighters with the international fighters and women. So I quoted on line. For comparing obviously this source gives me evidence. Overall this source is not that much needed for this essay. Wang, Peng. â€Å"Women in the LTTE: Birds of Freedom or Cogs in the Wheel?† Journal of Politics and law, Mar 2011. Web. 05 Feb. 2014. This is also a scholarly journal about LTTE and women fighters that describes well about the battle of the secession. This article is clearly depicts about the floor for the battle and its consequences. But this journal failed to differentiate the equality of the women in the battle and emancipation. So this article not that much used for my argument but it helps to know about the battle background.

Promoting Alcohol on Tv Essay

Alcoholism is the excessive and usually uncontrollable use of alcoholic drinks. There are many symptoms, complications, treatments and ways of prevention for alcoholism. Certain groups of people may be at a greater risk than others for several different reasons. There are numerous factors in why people may become addicted. Usually, a variety of factors contribute to the development of alcoholism. Social factors such as the influence of peers, family, society, the availability of alcohol, mental illness, stress, and not knowing how to cope with certain situations. It’s a common thing for an alcoholic to think drinking is the answer to all their problems, but in retrospect drinking is only adding to the multiple complications caused by being a compulsive drinker. Research has been done to explore the reason behind why people drink. However, â€Å"Exactly how alcohol affects the brain and the likelihood of reversing the impact of heavy drinking on the brain remain hot topics in alcohol research today. † (NIAAA) The effects of alcoholism have been divided into groups. There are physical effects, psychological effects and effects that contribute to many other health, safety, social and econimical problems. Some physical effects of excessively drinking alcohol can be extremely serious, or even fatal. One physical effect of alcoholism is causing cancer in the liver, kidney and stomach. Alcohol abuse is the leading factor to developing Cirrhosis of the liver. Alcohol related Cirrhosis usually develops after more then almost a decade of heavy drinking, but for some it may develop quicker; all depending on how your body reacts to alcohol. â€Å"In cirrhosis of the liver, scar tissue replaces normal, healthy tissue, blocking the flow of blood through the organ and preventing it from working as it should. Cirrhosis is the twelfth leading cause of death by disease, killing about 26,000 people each year. † Another physical effect of alcoholism is the altering of nutrients digestions which your body needs in order to remain healthy. Another physical damage that alcohol abuse brings is damaging of the neurons and thereby causing body movement alterations, depression and loss of appetite. Since drinking too much alcohol can raise some fats in the blood, that means it can also lead to high blood pressure, heart failure, and increased calorie intake which could lead to the development of diabetes. Liver diseases and illnesses aren’t the only complications of long term alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse can also lead to birth defects. The most sever cases of birth defects are Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopment Disorder. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is what can happen when a woman drinks an excessive amount of alcohol during the pregnancy. It’s been estimated that one in every seven hundred and fifty infants is born with a patterns of physical, developmental, and functional problems referring to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Some symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome may include premature birth weight, developmental delay, learning difficulties, and behavioral problems. Alcoholism also causes psychological effects as it changes your normal behavior and this is when you feel anxious and become depressed. Other psychological effects of alcoholism include violence, suicide, family and legal problems. Alcohol abuse can also cause economic effects. This is because getting an alcoholic drink is not cheap. If you drink several drinks on a daily basis you will definitely notice that you are spending a lot of money that can be used for other important stuff. An alarming amount of accidents, crimes and suicides, are the result of alcohol abuse by one or more family members. The latest death statistics released by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), In the United States, in 2010, more than 10,000 people died in alcohol-impaired driving crashes. That is equivalent to one every 51 minutes. Alcohol-impaired motor vehicle crashes cost more than an estimated $37 billion annually. These statistics are avoidable by not abusing alcohol or drinking in an environment that puts others at risk of becoming a statistic. Alcoholism is just as damaging to family members as it is to the alcoholic. Adult Children of Alcoholics often are in denial that their problems come from there parents or parent being an alcoholic. Many of them have severe problems with depression, aggression, or impulsive behavior. Most children of alcoholics make poor career choices and aren’t capable of being responsible parents, because they weren’t raised correctly themselves. Due to the large amount of money spent on alcohol and also possible joblessness the family may have to give up certain privileges that a non-alcoholic family wouldn’t. Being an alcoholic can totally disrupt family life and cause harmful effects that can last a lifetime. Thousands of alcoholics are helped to stop drinking every year. The chances of recovery are good if alcohol abuse or alcoholism is treated in its early or middle stages. Unfortunately, most alcoholics do not receive treatment therefore; over 90 percent of them will die as a result of their alcoholism. On the more positive side about 700,000 Americans receive alcoholism treatment on any given day. However, the techniques of alcoholism therapy only work if the patient is ready to seek help. One of the most traditional ways for an alcoholic to seek treatment is through the Alcoholic Anonymous 12 step program. Other then AA, there are many different programs available to help a person trying to seek recovery. Alcoholism is a disease that could consume ones life, but with support and treatment, many individuals are able to stop drinking and rebuild their lives. Work Cited Page â€Å"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism†. 2007. NIAAA. July. 2007 Article Source: http://EzineArticles. com/? expert=Susan_B_Ward http://www. nhtsa. gov/Impaired.